Regulation of living systems at the molecular level
"Compared to the current transgenic and gene engineering technology, synthetic biology is more avant-garde, represents the next generation of biotechnology." In the recently held a "synthetic biology" as the theme of the first 322 times Xiangshan Science Conference, the Conference The Executive Chairman, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin University researcher Zhang Chunting said.
More than 40 experts from home and abroad on the "rebuilding of lives" in heated discussions related topics. This area is considered full human whim.
Fourth Wave Science
Zhang Chunting said that the development of modern science and technology have followed a scientific discovery from the data accumulated to, to the birth of the theory to application process. The first wave of science to the accumulation of the sky astronomers Tycho observations as a starting point, a detailed analysis of Kepler and their derived three laws of planetary operation, Newton integrated the work of the first two proposed law of universal gravitation, as Later, the development of aerospace technology to lay a theoretical foundation. The second wave of science and a large number of compounds derived from elements of the accumulation of the periodic table of the emergence of modern science to promote the development of the project. The third wave of science data from the accumulation of a large number of atomic spectra, quantum theory and quantum mechanics emerged, directly contributing to the rapid development of modern information technology.
Zhang Chunting that biological science and technology of this century, the development of science can be regarded as the fourth wave. Human Genome Project and the various biological groups for the study provided extensive data relating to living systems; the development of bioinformatics for all types of induction and integration of data provides a powerful tool; systems biology is to reveal the intracellular molecular motion universal law; synthetic biology will be the basis for the field of biological research into practical productive forces, to address energy, materials, health and environmental issues.
In 1953, Watson and Crick explained the structure of DNA's double helix. 1990 officially launched the Human Genome Project, and in April 14, 2003 completed the full sequencing of the human genome. Biosphere about 4,200 kinds of mammals, 3,600 kinds of real bacteria, archaea 180 species, 1,750 kinds of viruses, of which, model organism genome project has completed the sequencing of model organisms are mice, nematodes, Arabidopsis, Drosophila, rice, yeast, some bacteria and viruses, genome accumulated mass number, while a large variety of group learning, such as genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome studies such as the rapid development, also accumulated in human biological data to astronomical magnitude. These are the development of synthetic biology basis.
Science magazine back in 1911, 33 volumes in the first two articles appeared in "synthetic biology" (synthetic biology) term. After 2000, the term synthetic biology start at home and abroad on various academic journals and the Internet increasingly large numbers of synthetic biology by the United States in 2004 MIT Technology Review, published as "will change the world one of 10 new technology" . American Bio Economic Research Associates published in 2007 entitled "The genetic composition and design into the future: the impact on the U.S. economy," the research report. The report analyzes the synthetic biology and genetic engineering techniques support the rapid development; prospect of synthetic biology and genetic engineering application prospects; that synthetic biology, recombinant DNA technology than to develop faster.
The rebuilding of lives is the core
Executive chairman of the University of California Professor of Physics Huatai Li (Terry Hwa) made a presentation entitled "Review of synthetic biology," the theme of the report. Huatai Li said: "The core of synthetic biology is life at the molecular level control system to meet the agricultural, industrial, medical needs."
Zhang Chunting said that synthetic biology is through the design and construction does not exist in nature, artificial biological systems, to solve the energy, materials, health and environmental issues. It is implemented on the Human Genome Project, genomics, bioinformatics and systems biology disciplines, such as the development of a logical result. It includes two aspects: First, to design and build new biological parts, components and systems; Second, the existing, naturally occurring biological systems re-engineering and transformation. Starting from the most basic elements of life, step by step build artificial life system is the core of synthetic biology.
Zhang Chunting, said, synthetic biology research four main aspects: cell by proteins, nucleic acids and other molecules in a network of synthetic biology research is the first cellular network; second is to study the genetic line; Third, synthetic biology materials and substances; 4 is the smallest genome and synthetic biology.
Synthetic biology techniques including DNA synthesis, from bacteria, yeast and plant genes and metabolic pathways and other assembly, regulation and other more sophisticated gene. Synthetic biology can be synthesized non-natural amino acids and bases, such as 2003, Schultz group in the E. coli protein synthesis system, the introduction of new chemical compounds, which have been successfully synthesized contain non-natural amino acids; 2006, Benner group through the introduction of new base pairs, the successful development of the artificial life genetic system.
Industrialization of the antimalarial drug artemisinin synthesis of micro-organisms is an example of synthetic biology to make. Huatai Li, said that while biotechnology has been enough to graft to the metabolic pathways of E. coli, but to achieve practical economic benefits, its output must be seven orders of magnitude increase. Over the years, the scientific challenge, Professor Keasling's lab finally been overcome. In the course of the study, Keasling's group leader on the metabolic pathways were redesigned to address the natural or non natural metabolite accumulation of host toxicity, and after transformation with the variation of microbial evolution and optimization method will eventually reduce the cost of artemisinin synthesis of a 10-fold. In recognition of outstanding achievements Keasling, Gates Foundation United States 42.6 million U.S. dollars to continue his malaria research, British Petroleum and the U.S. Department of Energy are allocated to the UC Berkeley where Keasling and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 500 million U.S. dollars and 375 million U.S. dollars in bio-energy research.
Synthetic biology technology can also be synthesized energy source - hydrogen and oil. PLoS ONE 2007 Virginia Tech published in the United States, Professor of Biological Systems Engineering, YP Zhang and others papers. They use principles of synthetic biology, with 13 known to the completion of an important enzyme reaction, the formation of the 13 enzymes a non-natural means of enzyme catalysis. With the technical development and integration with fuel cells, the technology is expected to solve and hydrogen storage, sales-related problems, and therefore the car has great potential in application. U.S. LS9 Renewable Petroleum research staff are using come from a variety of biological (Baokuo bacteria, plants, animals, Deng) of the gene and production Zhifang Suan Yong Lai biologic pathways using synthetic biology method creates Yixiedaixie module, insert Weishengwuhou through different combinations, these modules can be induced by microbial production of crude oil, diesel, gasoline, or hydrocarbon-based chemicals.
Also the "double-edged sword"
Although the biology is still a relatively young field of study, but the synthetic human "life" of the pace never stopped. 1828 Wohler synthesis of urea; 1953 discharge synthesis of amino acids by Miller; Chinese scientists in 1965, synthetic bovine insulin; in 1979 Khorana synthesized tRNA tyrosine repressor gene; 1981, Chinese scientists synthesis of yeast alanine tRNA; 2002 synthesis of the spinal cord Wimmer Group polio virus (about 7400bp); 2003 Venter group synthetic phage psiX174 (about 5400bp); 2008 Venter group synthesis genital mycoplasma genome (582.790kb).
Experts have acknowledged that the synthetic biological systems once fled to the natural world, may lead to ecological disaster; terrorists might use synthetic biology technology for biological (genetic) weapons, causing heavy casualties. Synthetic biology than the current transgenic technology, genetic engineering and other more avant-garde, the resulting social benefits and risks is also a double-edged sword.
Synthetic biology has attracted wide attention in various scientific journals and academic meetings, the synthetic biology and bio-safety, ethics and intellectual property topics is an important issue often discussed. June 2007, a number of scholars in Nature Biotech. Titled "DNA synthesis and biological security," the article presented by the synthesis of companies, research institutions and government regulatory agencies complement each other to abide by the framework.
United States, the European Union continue to increase investment in research in the field of synthetic biology. National Science Foundation (NSF) 2006 was put into operation 20 million U.S. dollars funded Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center established by the UCB, Harvard, MIT, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and other common form. The European Union in 2007 launched the "synthetic biology - the emerging new science and technology and to guide the project" (European Commission project II).
The experts pointed out that China's research in synthetic biology is still in the initial stage of research in biology and related technology applications, such as genome sequencing, DNA synthesis, genome modification techniques, systems biology, bioinformatics, etc. already have many of accumulation, it can be said with the developed countries almost at the same starting line. But experts also clearly recognized that the direction of our research in synthetic biology is still in research stage sporadic.
"Synthetic biology in human understanding of life, revealing the mystery of life, re-design and transformation of major scientific and biological aspects of Ju You Yi Yi, Dai Biao of the Xia Yidai of biotechnology. Gene sequencing technology and DNA Zu technology is growing rapidly, Renmen that synthetic biology will be the same as the rapid development of information technology, and in the energy, chemicals, materials, vaccines and other widely used medical field. However, the social benefit and risk is a double-edged sword, it improperly would have negative implications. We must make early preparations, we will have from the beginning involved in biosafety, ethics, intellectual property and so establish the necessary rules and regulations to ensure healthy and rapid development of synthetic biology. "Zhang Chunting said.
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