Regulation of living systems at the molecular level

Regulation of living systems at the molecular level

"Compared to the current transgenic and gene engineering technology, synthetic biology is more avant-garde, represents the next generation of biotechnology." In the recently held a "synthetic biology" as the theme of the first 322 times Xiangshan Science Conference, the Conference The Executive Chairman, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin University researcher Zhang Chunting said.

More than 40 experts from home and abroad on the "rebuilding of lives" in heated discussions related topics. This area is considered full human whim.

Fourth Wave Science

Zhang Chunting said that the development of modern science and technology have followed a scientific discovery from the data accumulated to, to the birth of the theory to application process. The first wave of science to the accumulation of the sky astronomers Tycho observations as a starting point, a detailed analysis of Kepler and their derived three laws of planetary operation, Newton integrated the work of the first two proposed law of universal gravitation, as Later, the development of aerospace technology to lay a theoretical foundation. The second wave of science and a large number of compounds derived from elements of the accumulation of the periodic table of the emergence of modern science to promote the development of the project. The third wave of science data from the accumulation of a large number of atomic spectra, quantum theory and quantum mechanics emerged, directly contributing to the rapid development of modern information technology.

Zhang Chunting that biological science and technology of this century, the development of science can be regarded as the fourth wave. Human Genome Project and the various biological groups for the study provided extensive data relating to living systems; the development of bioinformatics for all types of induction and integration of data provides a powerful tool; systems biology is to reveal the intracellular molecular motion universal law; synthetic biology will be the basis for the field of biological research into practical productive forces, to address energy, materials, health and environmental issues.

In 1953, Watson and Crick explained the structure of DNA's double helix. 1990 officially launched the Human Genome Project, and in April 14, 2003 completed the full sequencing of the human genome. Biosphere about 4,200 kinds of mammals, 3,600 kinds of real bacteria, archaea 180 species, 1,750 kinds of viruses, of which, model organism genome project has completed the sequencing of model organisms are mice, nematodes, Arabidopsis, Drosophila, rice, yeast, some bacteria and viruses, genome accumulated mass number, while a large variety of group learning, such as genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome studies such as the rapid development, also accumulated in human biological data to astronomical magnitude. These are the development of synthetic biology basis.

Science magazine back in 1911, 33 volumes in the first two articles appeared in "synthetic biology" (synthetic biology) term. After 2000, the term synthetic biology start at home and abroad on various academic journals and the Internet increasingly large numbers of synthetic biology by the United States in 2004 MIT Technology Review, published as "will change the world one of 10 new technology" . American Bio Economic Research Associates published in 2007 entitled "The genetic composition and design into the future: the impact on the U.S. economy," the research report. The report analyzes the synthetic biology and genetic engineering techniques support the rapid development; prospect of synthetic biology and genetic engineering application prospects; that synthetic biology, recombinant DNA technology than to develop faster.

The rebuilding of lives is the core

Executive chairman of the University of California Professor of Physics Huatai Li (Terry Hwa) made a presentation entitled "Review of synthetic biology," the theme of the report. Huatai Li said: "The core of synthetic biology is life at the molecular level control system to meet the agricultural, industrial, medical needs."

Zhang Chunting said that synthetic biology is through the design and construction does not exist in nature, artificial biological systems, to solve the energy, materials, health and environmental issues. It is implemented on the Human Genome Project, genomics, bioinformatics and systems biology disciplines, such as the development of a logical result. It includes two aspects: First, to design and build new biological parts, components and systems; Second, the existing, naturally occurring biological systems re-engineering and transformation. Starting from the most basic elements of life, step by step build artificial life system is the core of synthetic biology.

Zhang Chunting, said, synthetic biology research four main aspects: cell by proteins, nucleic acids and other molecules in a network of synthetic biology research is the first cellular network; second is to study the genetic line; Third, synthetic biology materials and substances; 4 is the smallest genome and synthetic biology.

Synthetic biology techniques including DNA synthesis, from bacteria, yeast and plant genes and metabolic pathways and other assembly, regulation and other more sophisticated gene. Synthetic biology can be synthesized non-natural amino acids and bases, such as 2003, Schultz group in the E. coli protein synthesis system, the introduction of new chemical compounds, which have been successfully synthesized contain non-natural amino acids; 2006, Benner group through the introduction of new base pairs, the successful development of the artificial life genetic system.

Industrialization of the antimalarial drug artemisinin synthesis of micro-organisms is an example of synthetic biology to make. Huatai Li, said that while biotechnology has been enough to graft to the metabolic pathways of E. coli, but to achieve practical economic benefits, its output must be seven orders of magnitude increase. Over the years, the scientific challenge, Professor Keasling's lab finally been overcome. In the course of the study, Keasling's group leader on the metabolic pathways were redesigned to address the natural or non natural metabolite accumulation of host toxicity, and after transformation with the variation of microbial evolution and optimization method will eventually reduce the cost of artemisinin synthesis of a 10-fold. In recognition of outstanding achievements Keasling, Gates Foundation United States 42.6 million U.S. dollars to continue his malaria research, British Petroleum and the U.S. Department of Energy are allocated to the UC Berkeley where Keasling and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 500 million U.S. dollars and 375 million U.S. dollars in bio-energy research.

Synthetic biology technology can also be synthesized energy source - hydrogen and oil. PLoS ONE 2007 Virginia Tech published in the United States, Professor of Biological Systems Engineering, YP Zhang and others papers. They use principles of synthetic biology, with 13 known to the completion of an important enzyme reaction, the formation of the 13 enzymes a non-natural means of enzyme catalysis. With the technical development and integration with fuel cells, the technology is expected to solve and hydrogen storage, sales-related problems, and therefore the car has great potential in application. U.S. LS9 Renewable Petroleum research staff are using come from a variety of biological (Baokuo bacteria, plants, animals, Deng) of the gene and production Zhifang Suan Yong Lai biologic pathways using synthetic biology method creates Yixiedaixie module, insert Weishengwuhou through different combinations, these modules can be induced by microbial production of crude oil, diesel, gasoline, or hydrocarbon-based chemicals.

Also the "double-edged sword"

Although the biology is still a relatively young field of study, but the synthetic human "life" of the pace never stopped. 1828 Wohler synthesis of urea; 1953 discharge synthesis of amino acids by Miller; Chinese scientists in 1965, synthetic bovine insulin; in 1979 Khorana synthesized tRNA tyrosine repressor gene; 1981, Chinese scientists synthesis of yeast alanine tRNA; 2002 synthesis of the spinal cord Wimmer Group polio virus (about 7400bp); 2003 Venter group synthetic phage psiX174 (about 5400bp); 2008 Venter group synthesis genital mycoplasma genome (582.790kb).

Experts have acknowledged that the synthetic biological systems once fled to the natural world, may lead to ecological disaster; terrorists might use synthetic biology technology for biological (genetic) weapons, causing heavy casualties. Synthetic biology than the current transgenic technology, genetic engineering and other more avant-garde, the resulting social benefits and risks is also a double-edged sword.

Synthetic biology has attracted wide attention in various scientific journals and academic meetings, the synthetic biology and bio-safety, ethics and intellectual property topics is an important issue often discussed. June 2007, a number of scholars in Nature Biotech. Titled "DNA synthesis and biological security," the article presented by the synthesis of companies, research institutions and government regulatory agencies complement each other to abide by the framework.

United States, the European Union continue to increase investment in research in the field of synthetic biology. National Science Foundation (NSF) 2006 was put into operation 20 million U.S. dollars funded Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center established by the UCB, Harvard, MIT, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and other common form. The European Union in 2007 launched the "synthetic biology - the emerging new science and technology and to guide the project" (European Commission project II).

The experts pointed out that China's research in synthetic biology is still in the initial stage of research in biology and related technology applications, such as genome sequencing, DNA synthesis, genome modification techniques, systems biology, bioinformatics, etc. already have many of accumulation, it can be said with the developed countries almost at the same starting line. But experts also clearly recognized that the direction of our research in synthetic biology is still in research stage sporadic.

"Synthetic biology in human understanding of life, revealing the mystery of life, re-design and transformation of major scientific and biological aspects of Ju You Yi Yi, Dai Biao of the Xia Yidai of biotechnology. Gene sequencing technology and DNA Zu technology is growing rapidly, Renmen that synthetic biology will be the same as the rapid development of information technology, and in the energy, chemicals, materials, vaccines and other widely used medical field. However, the social benefit and risk is a double-edged sword, it improperly would have negative implications. We must make early preparations, we will have from the beginning involved in biosafety, ethics, intellectual property and so establish the necessary rules and regulations to ensure healthy and rapid development of synthetic biology. "Zhang Chunting said.

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The Dirty Dozen gets increase

The Dirty Dozen gets increase

The United Nations has classified nine other chemicals as hazardous environmental d5318 battery toxins and want to ban their production. Are protected mainly by children, because the poisons are used in many everyday products used.

As the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Geneva announced that the organic pollutants should be added to the list of the "Stockholm Convention" to the current twelve substances are listed, "the so-called" dirty dozen. The substances are among other things as pesticides and flame retardants used.

"This is a clear signal that governments around the world take seriously the risks u4873 battery posed by these toxic substances," said UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner. The nine chemicals that are especially dangerous for children, including the insecticide lindane and its related chemicals alpha-and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). The latter are currently not produced more directly, but are a byproduct in the manufacture of lindane, which is also produced only in very few countries.

In addition to different flame retardants are banned and that hexabromobiphenyl and two groups of Bromdiphenylethern. Even the new insecticide chlordecone is on the prohibited list. The starting material for plant pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) was also prohibited. With perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and its derivatives so far textiles and paper were made in fat and water resistant, they are next on the list.

"It is the brominated flame retardants and fluorinated chemicals are found in very many consumer products, that is, for example, electronic goods, mattresses, textiles, Patricia Cameron said of the federal government for the Environment and Earth Germany (BUND), the Germany radio lenovo thinkpad t500 battery.

"You" chronic, long-term damage and also damage to the next generation, which is of course a special problem cause. "Would thus brought brominated flame retardants on the influence on the nerves with behavioral disorders. The fluoride compounds are harmful to reproductive capacity, "and she also just cause cancer."

Asus delivers EeeKeyboard PC News

Asus delivers EeeKeyboard PC News

The computer keyboard dell latitude d420 battery has an integrated 5-inch touch screen. He is driven by a fast 1.6 GHz Atom CPU and 1 GB of DDR2 RAM. Using UWB can stream HD video on a TV.

Asus has announced the immediate availability of its already given at the CeBIT 2009 featured PC EeeKeyboard known. The aluminum keyboard with LED backlight, which houses a complete multimedia computer, including 5-inch touch screen, costs 549 euros.

The heart of the 1.6 GHz fast Intel Atom N270 CPU. You have 1 GB of DDR2 RAM and a 16GB Solid State Drive for the big side.

The built right next to the button multi-touch display replaces 800 to 480 pixels. It serves as a mouse and pad replacement. Furthermore can be called pre-installed applications such as browsers, media players, or social networking clients.

Using Ultra-wideband technology (UWB) streams of EeeKeyboard PC videos in HD quality (720p) over a distance of up to five meters wirelessly to a TV. For images and other content doubled the range.

Except UWB and WLAN 802.11b/g/n (are), Bluetooth 2.1 and Gigabit Ethernet. Other facilities include stereo speakers, microphone, three USB 2.0 ports, and each one HDMI and VGA output.

With the built-in battery to get the 1100 gram heavy lenovo 3000 g450 battery machine up to four hours without power. The dimensions of the PC EeeKeyboard 14.5 times 42.5 times 2.4 centimeters. The underside is marked with a black protective coating.

Asus provides the device with power supply, UWB receiver, HDMI, and Mini-USB cable. The guarantee period is two years, including pick-up.

Asus' EeeKeyboard PC is available now(picture: Asus).

Fraunhofer researchers microlens array designed for tiny projectors

Fraunhofer researchers microlens array designed for tiny projectors

Instead of being a common channel imaging dell inspiron e1505 battery, many of them are used. This allows the overall length of beamers shorten significantly. The light source used high-power LEDs. A basic patent is pending.

Marcel Sieler has analyzed ultra array projectors and developed a prototype for a new kind of mini-projectors (image: private).

Marcel Sieler from the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics lenovo thinkpad t400s battery and Precision Engineering in Jena has laid the foundations for a new, smaller generation of digital projectors. While used in all current systems for pocket projectors, a single imaging channel, resulting in a minimum size is specified for the beamer, Sieler uses a variety of regularly arranged micro lenses (an array) as lenses for projection. This can reduce the overall length of the entire system significantly without compromising image brightness.

Sieler first examined the theoretical foundations of a microlens canon eos 30d battery grip array. Then he built a system that was adapted in lab experiments and tested for its optical performance. Within nine months, from the idea, the first prototype. High-power LEDs as light sources are used.

In the test phase demonstrated that the new projector technology is suitable for both static and moving image content to project. On the basis of the work, the Fraunhofer Society has filed a basic patent.

Marcel Sieler was awarded the Hugo Geiger Prize. It gives the Bavarian State Ministry for Economic Affairs, Infrastructure, Transport and Technology and application for outstanding theses or dissertations. The assessment criteria are scientific quality solar battery charger, economic relevance, novelty and interdisciplinarity of the approach.

Hewlett-Packard introduces new switch series for SMBs

Hewlett-Packard introduces new switch series for SMBs

The models of the ProCurve 2520 series are available in four models with eight and 24 ports. They support compaq presario r4000 battery Power over Ethernet and data prioritization. Prices range 522-1665 €.

Hewlett-Packard has extended its ProCurve Switch Series to the Series 2520, which is aimed primarily at small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It supports Power over Ethernet (PoE), which is the direct connection of IP phones, wireless access points possible and surveillance compaq presario 2500 battery cameras.

The new switches are available in four configurations. They can be operated with Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet speeds and are available as 8 - and 24-port models. All variants can be connected via copper or fiber optic cable.

The switches support prioritization lenovo thinkpad x300 battery, and data provide a built-in protection against denial-of-service attacks (DoS), in which the network is overloaded by massive requests. The administration is using a graphical user interface in the browser.

A built-in power saving mode monitor the activity of the switches and turn off ports and LEDs, if they are not needed. to the 8-port models come without a fan, the 24-port versions have a dynamic fan control, the noise level and energy consumption low. This makes the 2520-series is according to the manufacturer especially for use in small offices that require silent operation.

The Firsts are now available with a lifetime warranty. The Fast Ethernet models ProCurve 2520-8-PoE switch and ProCurve 2520-24 Switch PoE cost 522 832 €, respectively lenovo thinkpad x301 battery, the Gigabit Ethernet variants ProCurve 2520G according to port number 832-1665 €.

The ProCurve 2520 switches are available in four models with eight and 24 ports (Image: HP).

Apple postpones opening of its store at Frankfurt in January

Apple postpones opening of its store at Frankfurt in January

According to the company "is not all perfect." Originally thinkpad x60 battery, the shop in the Big 30 this Saturday Bockenheimer road open in time for the Christmas season by 10 clock.

Apple has postponed the opening of its third German Retail Store in Frankfurt at the beginning of next year. Actually, it should open the store in the Great Bockenheimer Strabe 30 this Saturday at 10 clock its doors. Now, it is expected to be ready until January.

So far, not all details are perfect thinkpad x60s battery, so that you have decided on the postponement, Apple spokesperson George Albrecht told ZDNet. The Apple website still mentions the fifth December as the opening day. However, all workshops and events previously listed have disappeared from the calendar.

As in the stores in Munich and Hamburg are to customers will also try out in Frankfurt Macs and iPods for free, the iPhone and can ask the "Genius Bar" or in free workshops tips and tricks for Apple products panasonic cga-s005 battery.

Apple had introduced the concept of retail stores in the U.S. in 2001. According to the company’s branches include the week about 3.5 million visitors worldwide. Since the end of October also operates rival Microsoft’s own retail stores panasonic cga-s006 battery.

The Apple website still mentions the fifth December as the opening of the Frankfurt Retail Store (Screenshot: thinkpad x61s battery).

Via: Apple postpones opening of its store at Frankfurt in January

Samsung brings color laser multifunction system for small businesses

Samsung brings color laser multifunction system for small businesses

The model multi Xpress C8385ND prints and copies up to 38 color and monochrome pages per minute thinkpad t60 battery. Resolution is up to 9600 x 600 dpi. The price is the manufacturer with 5354 €.

Samsung has expanded its portfolio to include a color laser printer Multifunction System with network access. The model is based on multi Xpress C8385ND manufacturer primarily at small and medium businesses and departments within large companies. Samsung is recommended for a monthly volume 7000-16666 pages thinkpad t61 battery.

The multi Xpress C8385ND prints and copies up to 38 color and monochrome pages per minute. The first printed page is available for less than 14 seconds. The maximum resolution is 9600 by 600 dpi. When copying the device, according to Samsung provides a resolution of up to 1200 x 1200 pixels per inch.

With the built-in color scanning documents into an optical resolution of up to 600 dpi to 600 times as BMP, JPEG, PDF or TIFF file by e-mail or on the integrated hard disk, USB stick or an FTP server are stored. Optional multifunction device offers a Super G3 fax (33.6 Kbps) with 200 speed dial numbers and memory for about 500 jobs dell vostro 1510 battery.

The paper supply is 620 sheets as standard. You can be expanded to up to 2720 pages. The multifunctional device features 1GB of memory and a 160 GB hard drive. The included toner cartridge is sufficient for allegedly up to 15,000 color or black and white pages 20 000.

Sales of Samsung’s multi-Xpress-series made exclusively through authorized dealers olympus li-40b battery. The model C8385ND is now available at a price of 5353.81 €.

The multi Xpress C8385ND prints and copies up to 38 pages per minute in monochrome and color (Image: panasonic cga-s004 battery).

Via: Samsung brings color laser multifunction system for small businesses